If I Had Known, I Wouldnt Have Gone There - 7709 Words

‘If I’d known, I wouldn’t have come’ The importance of information in the migratory experience Diana Mata-Codesal Final Paper January 2006 Brighton, United Kingdom â€Å"If I ´d known, I wouldn ´t ha ve come† Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 2 2. Literature dealing with information ........................................................ 3 3. Migrants ´ networks ................................................................................ 4 3.1 Brokerage within the networks: the professionalization of the solidarity ................................................................................................. 5 3.2 â€Å"Failed† migrants: the social†¦show more content†¦The hypothesis then is that the dissonance between the expectations, dreams, illusion of the emigrant and the despair, frustration and disillusion of the immigrant is mainly the result of utilizing the wrong information in the decision-making process. This paper is organised in five sections. The first one is a brief review of literature dealing with the issue of information. Immediately afterwards two relevant channels of information for would-be migrants are analysed, the migrant networks and the mass media, with the aim to highlight their associated drawbacks. Section fourth lists some consequences associated with the lack of information and the potential consequences of more and better information for the migrants themselves, and finally the last section speculates about the vested interest underlying the absence of attempts to improve information. As a methodological note, in the interest of illustration, where possible, brief migrants ´ testimonies have been introduced. It is a way of letting the migrants tell us their own stories because, who else would know them better? [**] 2. Literature dealing with information Information has always been present in Migration studies. In the economic models its role was unproblematic since it was assumed to be perfect and costless (Borjas, 1989) – predictions of these models would be markedly different if thisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Valentine By Joyce Carol Oates921 Words   |  4 Pagesshort stories, Valentine, she creates a series of subtle hints to fairytales. Oates is known for alluding to different and all kinds of hints in her stories, but her subliminal references to fairytales have been one I have seen the most. Throughout the short story Valentine, Oates makes many nonchalant allusions to fairytales. Oates knows how to slip them right by you, if you didn’t know any better, you wouldn’t even notice where they are instilled inside the stories themselves. In Valentine, theRead MoreWhat Happened Me And My Friends Mattie Day And Joyce Carlyle1230 Words   |  5 PagesHe looked so calm but I knew he was as scared as me. It wouldn’t take long for the infected to reach us we had to hurry. Hold on a moment I better at least tell you who I am. I’m Kennith Rennell but everyone just calls me Ken. This is my version of what happened to me and my friends Mattie Day and Joyce Carlyle following October 26 year 2050. Over the last few months Matt and I had been working on a vaccine for the corrupt cancer known as G-23. After intense research we found that we could only makeRead More A Good Man Is Hard To Find by Mary Flannery O’Connor Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pages Mary Flannery O’Connor, the writer of many short stories known for their cruel endings and religious themes, wrote â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† in 1955. â€Å"Her works combine flat realism with grotesque situations; violence occurs without apparent reason or preparation.† (Roberts 429). â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† is about a southern family’s trip to Florida which takes a dramatic turn. This story was written in O’Connor’s first collection of short stories. â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†Read MoreI Chose For Volunteer At My Mother s House900 Words   |  4 PagesI chose to volunteer at my mother’s house, which is on Beltline and Shady Grove. My mother, Reynalda Munguia, was diagnosed with breast cancer earlier this year and started undergoing chemotherapy treatment in October. Although breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and the most common cause of death from cancer in Hi spanic women I was dumbfounded by how little I knew about it. This experience my not be the traditional way people go about to become more socially responsible butRead MoreHs Case Study706 Words   |  3 Pagessmall smile, he remembered the last time he had seen her alive. Eleanor was grinning. She was wearing her blue school uniform talking excitedly about how she was going to get an A on her spelling test. â€Å"Come on you going to be late for school,† Valerie said to Eleanor whilst giving Eleanor her school bag-pack â€Å"I’ll pick you up this after at 3 near the gate† John informed Eleanor â€Å"Ok, bye dad, love you† Eleanor spoke happily Contently John replied, â€Å"I love you more† John gave Valarie a kiss beforeRead MoreNarrative Essay On The Journey Of Life In The World876 Words   |  4 Pagesgoing to need to use it. I didn’t believe them at the time. Well, I was wrong. Utterly and totally wrong. Now I need it, and I don’t have it. The trail that got me into this position was a long one, and so here I go in explaining it. It had all started on a single day, and all went to hell in a handbasket not 10 hours later. I am a firm believer that the last sleep ever gotten on this earth was the night previous, for no one dared close an eyelid after it occurred. The end had been coming near. ItRead MoreLost On A Mountain Of Maine1222 Words   |  5 Pagesby mosquitoes on a mountain for a couple hours. I do not consider myself the outdoorsy type, fishing was about the extend of it. Hiking isn’t something I particularly enjoy and after tonight hiking would become my absolute least favorite activity ever. Some would say that Donn Fendler’s book Lost on a Mountain in Maine is a really good interpretation of someone s real life story of being lost on a mountain, but few can say they have actually gone through the fear of being lost on a mountain. WeRead MoreWho Was The First Computer Program? No?731 Words   |  3 Pagesbecause I was never into computers much. The first programer was a woman, her name was Ada Lovelace. Yep, it was a woman. But before I tell you all about the program, let’s learn about her first. Ada â€Å"Countess of Lovelace† was born in 1815 and died in 1852. Her father was George Gordon Byron, who was a poet. But he died in Greece when she was 8. Ada was young when she started to show an interest in science and mathematics. Her mother thought that if she studied at that age, she wouldn’t inheritRead MoreRelationship Between Friendship And Friendship1331 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent answers. Some may claim that the quality of any friendship depends on how long you have known each other; others may advocate that it has something to do with what the other person has done for them in the years that they have known each other. If you had asked me a few years ago what I thought friendship meant, I probably would have given you a definition similar to the ones that I mentioned. However, I have come to realize that friendship is about much more than general statements and ambiguousRead MoreHonor : High Respect For Someone Or Something784 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause I was never into computers much. The first programer was a woman, her name was Ada Lovelace. Yep, it was a woman. But before I tell you all about the program, let’s learn about her first. Ada â€Å"Countess of Lovelace† was born in 1815 and died in 1852. Her father was George Gordon Byron, who was a poet. But he died in Greece when she was 8. Ada was young when she started to show an interest in science and mathematics. Her mother thought that if she studied at that age, she wouldn’t inherit

Information Technology; How It Affects Our Lives Free Essays

Along with the advancements of mankind, although some might disagree it is not technology, the telegraph became he telephone; the telephone became the cell-phone and; wired services became wireless (pallbearer, university of Phoenix, 2012). It Is a fascinating concept that a person can go to the far reaches of not just earth, but into space as well, and still we can share information with those aboard the International Space Station, or relay information to the Hubble Space Telescope, to look for certain objects in space. Personally I find it fascinating; the ability to communicate with friends and family around the world, the first words of a child, seen or heard through the use of audio r video devices. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology; How It Affects Our Lives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Technology, with all it has to offer, Is a key element to our future and the future of our children. It Is now possible through both audio and visual help, and the introduction of computers, students are learning at a somewhat more equal pace. Children at home, providing the home has one, using a computer or even a handheld device, are learning the alphabet and numbers at an earlier age. Albeit to say that even many video games the children play using this technology, helps to develop eye-hand coordination. Information shared between professionals In the deiced Industry, both current and previous physicians Is great as It can determine how a patient may recover from an illness, or colleagues can look over the same information and diagnose a patient. Technology and all its advancements are beneficial in the fields of medicine and science and help to save lives. Through personal observations and research material it is quite clear that many people have become or are becoming more dependent on the internet and information technology. We have a need to have contact every waking moment with our 964 friends online. We have the need to sit home with our children and explore the internet instead of the outside world. While Information Technology is a key element to our future, excessive time wasted can result in physical and mental health risks; as well harming us socially and economically. With the introduction of Information Technology, many people are finding themselves without Jobs to go to tomorrow. Economically speaking several major corporations are closing their doors, as there are many places one can access on the internet to purchase goods such as e-books; digital downloads of movies, music and television; one can even make use of purchasing their weekly groceries and having them all delivered to the doorstep. Information Technology, although useful in the field of education, has also had some major drawbacks. Students have gained a vast amount of knowledge from the internet, which if searched properly can help in the student’s education. However what has happened is that ‘Plagiarism’ has shown an increase over time as well. Instead of utilizing time wisely, many students are known to have done nothing on their essays but copy and paste information someone else may have worked so hard to obtain to get a fair grade themselves(What is Plagiarism? , 2012).. Plagiarism is by far not the only form of theft that takes place in information technology either. Piracy involving illegal downloading of books, audio and video files has also increased over time. Many retailers have lost revenue due to little or no sales in the market for CDC, DVD’s, and book sales. But here, some of that lost revenue stems from websites that offer downloads for a lesser cost, than it would be to drive to a local retailer. The worst part in theft of information in the technological aspect is the theft of personal information. Everything from a single credit card or bank account number to complete identities are stolen and sold on the black market and in vast quantities every day. People’s lives are ruined. There is no trust in each other anymore. Worse yet, some of this stolen information might take place on a major scale. Without the proper up to date security software, TX Max had information stolen concerning numerous customer accounts. This not only created headaches for the consumer, but think how much it cost TX Max over time. They had to spend millions of dollars to first compensate the losses; design and implement a better security program; spend money in marketing, not only convincing existing consumers, but future customers as well, this breach of security would never happen again (Essentials of Management accomplished from the comfort of your favorite chair, sofa, or lying in bed, with devices such as a laptop, wireless keyboard (using your flat-screen TV as a monitor) or your cell phone. With the introduction of social websites, a hug is now a poke; pictures are sent via, again from the cell phone for the entire world to see and share. Writing letters and sending them to friends and relatives, also is impacting us negatively. Over-dependence on Information Technology, because of people’s inactivity, can result in physical and mental health risks. Sitting at a computer desk an lead to serious health issues early in life with obesity listed as number one. Based upon 52 independent studies, there seems to be statistically, a relationship between body fatness and TV viewing among children and adolescents, due to the increase of sedentary leisure activities. With the increased usage of information and communication technologies, so has obesity in both adolescents and children, reached a new high over recent years. â€Å"This study confirms that the global epidemic of overweight and the use of new technologies may be related phenomena: weight tutus is associated with computer and possibly cell phone use (Lacunae, H. Seeks- Reawaken, A. , Plinking, L. , Rose, R. J. , Risen, A. , Capri, J, 2007). † Other risks might include diabetes, high blood pressure, pinched nerves, and even atrophy of the muscles for lack of exercise. Spending too much time on the internet can result in too little sleep in both adults and teens. Mental health can deteriorate, even though we think we are learning something and gaining ground. By staying awake al l hours into the night and depriving ourselves of needed sleep, it makes it virtually impossible to fully function the next day. Mentally, we can be affected also because most of the answers we search for, are given to us; again all with little to no effort, physically or mentally. â€Å"Using electronic devices before bedtime was common, with 60% on average overall watching TV, 39% using cell phones, 36% laptops or other computers, 21% phone, 8% video games, and 29% music devices. Devices meant to make life easier and more entertaining often make us sleepier, according to the latest poll by the National Sleep Foundation (Kathleen Doyen, 2011). † Having 964 friends on some social web site can only mean one thing. We are spending so much time trying to catch up on their updates, while researching that school paper; downloading the latest music; watching our favorite TV show; all the while depriving ourselves from a real hug and kiss; nodding off at the keyboard; and perhaps sooner than later; winding up in the hospital with a blood clot in the right leg before we have reached the age of 25. Although the Information Technology has many legitimate uses, many have become inactive due to excessive time wasted in front of the computer, on the phone, or sending texts via a mobile phone; therefore we should omit the time we spend in doing these things. Time periods should be assigned for all members of the household to eliminate health problems or mental distress. Take time off as a family and spend one or two days at the park or walking along the beach front if that is possible. If a Job’s requirements are to sit all day in front of the computer screen, go outdoors during a lunch break or coffee break. Fresh air will do you good. It is nice to have opportunities to shop online, but by going out, you get fresh air; and whatever it is you wish to purchase, by being up close and personal oh get to feel, see, and possibly hear it before you buy it. How to cite Information Technology; How It Affects Our Lives, Papers

Is Atticus a good father free essay sample

However, I think that they were acting somewhat childish. In reverse, Atticus is definitely an excellent role model and a good father for Jem and Scout. Firstly, Atticus raised two children – Jem and Scout on his own and was always there for them. He was affectionate with his children and he was always ready with a big hug when they needed comfort. Also, he was a loving and caring father who cared about their education and tried to use as much time as possible out of his packed work schedule to teach them how to read. Moreover, he spent father-child bonding time with them by reading stories to them at night. Secondly, he taught his children about morals and values patiently. He guided them with everyday lessons in life. He set such a good example for his children, even when it means risking his safety. Obviously there was a case where he defended Tom Robinson though no one else would. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Atticus a good father? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This shows that he was showing his children that everyone deserved to be treated equally regardless of their skin colours and that one must do what is right even when that means doing something difficult. Thirdly, he taught his children valuable lessons through trivial incidents. For instance, he accepted payment in any form that his clients were able to give it, e. g. turnip greens, stove wood and hickory nuts, etc. It shows that he was teaching his children that money meant less than helping ones human beings and that all people regardless of income or status deserved his help and friendship. Fourthly, although he allowed his children to play and explore freely, he was also a firm disciplinarian who always taught his children to think of how their actions will affect others and gave suitable punishments to them. For example, when Jem damages the camellia bushes of Mrs. Dubose, Atticus advised him to say sorry to such an old and sick lady. Mrs Dubose then punished him by asking him to read to her every afternoon for two hours. Atticus used this experience to teach Jem what real â€Å" courage† meant and focus on the principles of life and respects while upholding fairness and justice. To conclude, although Atticus is not a perfect father, he was very responsible and easily gained trust of Jem and Scout, which is something essential in every parent-child relationship. Is Atticus a good father free essay sample TurnipIn the beginning of the story, Jem and Scout considered Atticus to be inadequate as a father. However, I think that they were acting somewhat childish. In reverse, Atticus is definitely an excellent role model and a good father for Jem and Scout. Firstly, Atticus raised two children – Jem and Scout on his own and was always there for them. He was affectionate with his children and he was always ready with a big hug when they needed comfort. Also, he was a loving and caring father who cared about their education and tried to use as much time as possible out of his packed work schedule to teach them how to read. Moreover, he spent father-child bonding time with them by reading stories to them at night. Secondly, he taught his children about morals and values patiently. He guided them with everyday lessons in life. He set such a good example for his children, even when it means risking his safety. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Atticus a good father? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Obviously there was a case where he defended Tom Robinson though no one else would. This shows that he was showing his children that everyone deserved to be treated equally regardless of their skin colours and that one must do what is right even when that means doing something difficult. Thirdly, he taught his children valuable lessons through trivial incidents. For instance, he accepted payment in any form that his clients were able to give it, e. g. turnip greens, stove wood and hickory nuts, etc. It shows that he was teaching his children that money meant less than helping ones human beings and that all people regardless of income or status deserved his help and friendship. Fourthly, although he allowed his children to play and explore freely, he was also a firm disciplinarian who always taught his children to think of how their actions will affect others and gave suitable punishments to them. For example, when Jem damages the camellia bushes of Mrs. Dubose, Atticus advised him to say sorry to such an old and sick lady. Mrs Dubose then punished him by asking him to read to her every afternoon for two hours. Atticus used this experience to teach Jem what real â€Å" courage† meant and focus on the principles of life and respects while upholding fairness and justice. To conclude, although Atticus is not a perfect father, he was very responsible and easily gained trust of Jem and Scout, which is something essential in every parent-child relationship.

Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle Essay Example

Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle Paper * What led the archaeologist to the site? Through his work, Wheeler had acquired an interest for excavating and examining sites in Britain. He had previously excavated Roman remains in Essex, Wales and Verulamium, a Pre-Roman settlement near St. Albans in England1. Maiden Castle, in Dorset County, offered much in the way of archaeology. It was thought to contain much evidence from Iron Age and Roman periods and offered a challenge for archaeologists to unearth its rich past. Mortimer Wheeler was drawn to the site because of the prospect of unearthing a piece in the puzzle of early British and Roman history. Wheeler saw it a challenge that he was up to, he attempted to use his experience to piece together a missing part in British history. We will write a custom essay sample on Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mortimer Wheeler Major Discovery Maiden Castle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * His methods of excavation. One of the main reasons Mortimer Wheeler is remembered today is for his pioneering of the box grid system. He developed a system that divided the field into small squares, each separated by a narrow baulk2. As the site of Maiden Castle was so large it was imperative that finds and their data were accurately recorded. Wheeler maintained strict control of his sites and meticulous organisation of stratigraphy, and all other aspects of operations on site, was exercised. It was commented that it took on the appearance of a military operation3. Each box had team with a leader who reported to Wheeler. As well as his use of the box grid method, Wheeler also used long narrow trenches alongside the boxes as well as exposing large areas of earth in the same area. He was very particular about finding, preserving as much evidence as possible in order to present accurate findings4. For example the discovery of certain fragments of ash in one of the stratum of the site led him to draw certain concl usions about the events that occurred there. * Problems encountered. Because of the protruding nature of the site of Maiden Castle it is easy to presume that excavation of the site would not pose much of a problem in regard to finding evidence. Because of the nature of the site and the civilisations that inhabited it this was not the case. After 2000 years of erosion much of the battlements and surrounding evidence had been destroyed5. Another problem in discovering evidence was the long periods of use undergone by the site. The site had been occupied by many civilisations including Neolithic, late Stone Age/early Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman and possibly Saxon people. Because of the extensive use of the site much valuable information and evidence was destroyed, looted or misplaced6. * Significance of the discovery. The discovery of Maiden Castle was a huge discovery in the history of early Europe and its progression into modern times. Maiden Castle is the largest known hill fort in Europe and paints a vivid picture about the lives, technologies and cultures of the early Celtic settlement in the British Isles7. The evidence uncovered at Maiden Castle gives an indication of the likely militaristic nature of the Iron Age people who constructed the fort as we know it today. The data acquired from the castle also proves and confirms aspects of Roman occupation in Britain and their culture of the time8. * Problems of Reconstructing/Preservation When it comes to Maiden Castle there has been much disagreement and dispute over what events actually took place there. Mortimer Wheelers excavations led him to develop what was seen as a very elaborate and fictitious story about what occurred when the fort passed hands from the Celtic Durotriges tribe to the Romans9. Mortimers account was highly fictional involving a extremely vicious Roman massacre of all within the castle setting fire to all buildings and pillaging it to the ground10. This reconstruction by Mortimer was challenged by many archaeologists and has since been proven wrong11. This raises questions about the credibility of Wheelers work and poses doubts about whether this is truly what Wheeler believed of whether it was done for publicity reasons. Preservation of Maiden Castle was a big issue because of the exposed location of the structure. Maiden Castle has already undergone much degradation and erosion and measure to prevent further destruction of the site were undertaken by the English Heritage Commission12.

Proposal Writing Services

Proposal Writing Services Proposal Writing Services Why Do We Need Proposal Writing Services Proposal writing services are very useful while speaking about any proposal writing, especially, if it is your first experience in this field. In order to write a successful proposal you have to be very well educated and highly experienced in this matter, however, if you write it for the first time it is but natural that you do not have the proper background knowledge to complete the task. Service papers are those to help you coping with all this mess. Proposal Writing Services Have No Boundaries! Our proposal writing services are ready to support you at any stage of your proposal. Whether you need to make your RFP/RFA analysis or review, whether you need to prepare your business proposal outline, whether you do not know how to arrange your proposal and need any design assistance, or maybe you have already written your proposal and just want a specialist to have a look at it; in all the above-mentioned cases you are welcome to use service papers. Even if you have written your proposal by your own, it is better to make an editing of it. A lot of attention is paid not only to the whole content of your proposal, but also to such points as grammar, typos, and structure. That is why it is recommended to use proposal writing services, such as proposals editing. We Take Full Responsibility for the Outcomes! Proposal writing is a very responsible task that may influence your future life; that is why you have to understand all the responsibility, which lies on you while your proposal writing and presenting. You see, there is a number of special RFP/RFA requirements, which you should meet while writing. That is why if you want to be sure that your work is of a proper level and meets all the demands, better use service papers. If we are speaking not only about studying process but also about real life where you have a lot of rivals, who just dream to annihilate you, it is but necessary to consult with the real profession al while your business proposal preparing. There are several main points, which should be included into your business proposal in order it to be competitive. While writing, you should target the company, which you appeals to; it means that you have to impress and convince the company that your business proposal is the only one, which suits. Service papers are here to help you targeting the destination of your business proposal.

Being Lazy Means You’re Intelligentâ€According to Science

Being Lazy Means You’re Intelligent- According to Science According to a new study, brainy people tend to spend more time being chill than their less-intelligent, but more active counterparts- mostly because they have a higher IQ, get bored less and are thus more likely to be comfortable getting lost in thought. Active people, on the other hand, need constant activity to keep themselves stimulated, as they are more easily bored. Florida Gulf University gave a test to a group of students, asking them to rate how strongly they agreed with statements about engagement with tasks and problems, and from this, were able to select 30 â€Å"thinkers† and 30 â€Å"non-thinkers† from their pool.The 60 subjects then wore a movement/activity tracking device on their wrists for the next week, giving researchers a constant stream of data about their physical habits. Their findings, described as â€Å"highly significant† and â€Å"robust† in statistical terms, showed that the â€Å"thinkers† were far less active during th e week than their â€Å"non-thinker† counterparts. The weekends, strangely, were about the same.It may actually be beneficial, then, to spend an extra hour or two in bed thinking through tasks and schedules, revisiting and reimagining your goals. Your daydreaming might be twice as generative as a non-thinker’s doing.There’s a danger, of course, to less active people- no matter how brainy- and that is the danger of the sedentary lifestyle. So if you think you might be a â€Å"thinker,† and relishing those quiet moments lost in thought, you might also want to make a point of exercising enough. Just to make sure you stay healthy and nourish your body- not just your brain.In addition to this, you should also consider finding a job that is compatible with your personality. The sooner you find a job that you enjoy, the happier you will be, regardless of how intelligent or lazy you are.

Corporate strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate strategy - Essay Example This strategy pertains to the introduction of a free reward card system. Starbucks Coffee Starbucks Corporation is a global coffeehouse chain originated from Seattle, Washington. The company is the largest coffeehouse across the world having more than 17,000 stores in over 56 countries. This includes over 1,000 stores in Canada, 11,000 in the United States, more than 150 in Turkey and over 700 in the United Kingdom (Starbucks, 2011). The major products of Starbucks comprises of the espresso-based hot drinks, drip brewed coffee, coffee beans, other cold and hot drinks, hot and cold sandwiches, salads and Panini, snacks, pastries, and items such as tumblers and mugs. Besides these eatables, the company has also diversified itself to create a Hear Music brand in the Starbucks Entertainment division, and also markets books, films and music (Bolton, Ruth, Kannan, & Matthew, 2000, pp. 95). Many products of the company’s products are only specific to the store’s location or th e season. Starbucks-brand ice cream and coffee are also offered at grocery stores. Corporate Strategy at Starbucks The diversified and well managed company, Starbucks, manages its operations with the help of its corporate strategies. The company guides its scope and direction through its strategy in the long term and fulfils the expectations of its stakeholders successfully (Sharp, Byron & Anne, 1997, pp. 473). The corporate strategy of any organisation is also usually termed as its "mission statement". Requirements for the Implementation of a Strategy Before the implementation of any strategy, the organisation needs to analyse and understand whether the desired strategy is required within the company or not. In order to give life to the mission and vision of the company, the strategies are implemented which provide a far-sighted view and a correct direction for the activities of the organisation. Thus, for the purpose of formulating a new strategy and implementing it effectively, i t is essential that the style, structure, leadership, resources, change management and the entire system of the organisation act like a supporting block. A new strategy in an organisation would need the assistance of change management the most, for the reason that it would demand new resources, different management style and an entirely modern viewpoint of execution. It would require: Effective leadership; Additional tangible and non-tangible resources; Change management system; New processes and methods; Skilled human resources; and Modern system implementation. All these elements constitute the requirement of introducing a new strategy in an organisation. Implementation of the free reward card system The free reward cards pertain to the loyalty cards and such incentive coupons which are offered to the customers in order to increase their loyalty and the retention rate in the organisation (Lewis, Michael, 2004, pp. 281). The implementation of the free reward cards would assist Star buck’s corporate strategy and marketing strategies in many ways. If we consider the 7S model given by the Mintzberg and Quinn, the effect of the strategy implementation of Starbucks can clearly be analysed through the seven factors. It is explained as follows: 7S Framework by Mintzberg and Quinn The 7S framework was given by Mintzberg and comprises of the following elements: 1. Strategy: this pertains to the set of connected activities which are chosen to be applied as a course of action in the

Neighbourhood policing, is it real police work Essay

Neighbourhood policing, is it real police work - Essay Example This research paper examines that through the concept of neighborhood policing, it is clear that better solutions through cooperative efforts are being achieved. With the widespread use of these teams and the success with which they have been met, it is possible that this idea could be extended to include a greater number of community services so that through police and social services interactions, more individuals can be helped before harm comes to the community. With a wider social cooperative effort, it may be that crimes can be prevented through an understanding of events from a larger perspective. The success of this system has been through the cooperation of authoritative efforts, but this success suggests that wider use could be of service to the communities. The idea of community policing or neighborhood policing was developed in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel who was looking for a way to create a more community ideal of law enforcement. In the early 21st century, after some prelim inary efforts that started in the 1980s, Parliament has supported the idea of creating teams in communities with the intention of creating a safer nation. As a result, decreases have been seen in the crimes that specific areas have mostly been concerned about for their neighborhoods. Through cooperation, the development of these teams has put a force based on presence and interactions that have allowed for a better assessment of what is occurring so that regionally specific solutions can be developed.

Theory of Descriptions Essay Example for Free

Theory of Descriptions Essay It is a matter of fact that Russell significantly contributed the development of philosophical thinking by helping to resolve many philosophical problems. Furthermore, he offered theory of descriptions and analyzed logical structure of what people say. Theory of descriptions is the best application of the technique. Theory aims at denoting phrases in ordinary language and thus it has given rise to three sorts of difficulties: Excluded middle. It means that the traditional principle is violated by suggestions such as â€Å"either the present king of France is bald or the present king of France is not bald† Non-existence assertions. They aim at denoting phrases which have referents.Furthermore, they are saying of something, though this something doesn’t exist: â€Å"The golden mountain does not exist† Opaque Contexts. Equivalent expression can be substituted, but substitution doesn’t preserve the truth of the statement: â€Å"Alan believes that Sarahs father is Joys son† Russell emphasized that descriptions are differently signified and they don’t always suggest logically proper names. The referent is denoted directly and thus is carrying existential import, although the description is indirect denotation and has to be regarded differently. Russell suggested that denoting phrases can’t be isolated; otherwise they won’t be understood correctly. Quine eliminated the ontological implications of descritions. For example, he stated that Pegasus wasn’t actual, because it wasn’t spatiotemporal object. He admitted that though Pegasus existed in mythology, in the imagination of every child and in philosophical disputes, it was not actual as it wasn’t found in any zoo. Quine said â€Å"the notion that Pegasus must be, because it would otherwise be nonsense to say even that Pegasus is not, has been seen to lead McX into an elementary confusion†. References Russell: The Theory of Descriptions. Encyclopedia od Philosophy. Retrieved November 7, 2006, from http://philosophypages.com/ph/russ.html

Future of Our Galaxy Galactic Millenium :: Essays Papers

Future of Our Galaxy Galactic Millenium What Does the Future Hold? (adopted from an article by Greg Laughlin and Fred Adams, "Celebrating the Galactic Millennium", Astronomy November 2001) Not too long ago, we were looking forward to the New Millennium. To many of us, this was an important event of our lives. On a larger scale, however, the New Millennium looks insignificant. "If we adopt an astronomical perspective, however, a much larger and more distant celebration remains on the schedule-the Galactic Millennium," write Greg Laughlin and Fred Adam in their article Celebrating the Galactic Millennium. Laughlin and Adam speculate about the proposed changes to the Universe in the future and the coming of the Galactic Millennium. Present Day Galaxy According to the authors, the present day galaxy is relentlessly empty and spans a tremendous scope. In a scale model of the galaxy where stars are the size of sand grains, the nearest stellar system (Alpha and Proxima Centauris) is six miles away. Our Galaxy contains approximately 100 Billion stars. In this model, the stars move through their orbits at a pace of only a few feet per terrestrial year. The sun takes nearly 100 million terrestrial years to make a full circuit of the galaxy. The last time the sun passed through our current galactic longitude was in the middle of the Cretaceous period, when the giant continent Gondwanaland was beginning to break up into African and South America and the giant Carnotaurus enjoyed its place at the top of the food chain (before the reign of T.Rex). What Does the Future Hold? The authors' prospected views on the future of our galaxy are rather harsh. The authors argue that a billion terrestrial years from now-in 10 galactic years-the galaxy will look much like it does now. Certain details, however, will be different. As the sun executes its next ten circuits around our galaxy's central hub, our today-familiar constellations will be scrambled one hundred times over. Many of the night stars in the sky will no longer exist. Deneb and Rigel, for example, will explode as supernovae. Sirious will swell into a red giant and puff out a planetary nebula. Alpha Centauri, currently the sun's closest neighbor, will recede from the sun, and its apparent brightness will fade below the threshold of naked-eye visibility. As the next billion years unfold, Earth will face pressing problems because of sun's activity.

Blackber

blackberry Objective Regain blackberries 20% lost market share, and improve overall net profit vs. last year by 13% Offer the services that have already been introduced by competing company, and also work on providing customers with innovative applications Summary BLACKBERRY FOR BUSINESS Built to keep your business moving Where multiple devices ownership models, applications and operating systems exist, BlackBerry ®Ã‚  perfectly balances end user and corporate needs to keep your business moving.Blackberry  is a brand that was created by Research in Motion’s (RIM) Founder Mike Lazaridis in 1996, providing wireless web enabled devices across multiple networks. RIM is a Canadian based company founded in 1984 that formally worked with RAM and Ericsson, developing a two way paging system and wireless email network. The company’s goal and vision is clear: â€Å"to provide solutions for the worldwide mobile communications market, including the software that allows the Bla ckBerry Smartphone to provide mobile access to email, applications, media and the Internet. † (RIM website: http://www. im. com/company) Since the creation of Blackberry, it commands over 20% of the world’s Smartphone sales, available in over 91 countries on over 500 mobile service operators. Blackberry has sold over 100 million devices and still trumps the Iphone is sales since its development. With the development of the  New Blackberry Torch  we see the progress that Blackberry has made. Not only does Blackberry dedicate so much time and funds to research and development, but they have successfully built the brand strong and have reached different demographics in the past 5 years than any other company.There is no doubt that Blackberry has been, and will continue to be, the leader in research and development in wireless realm. Research In Motion (RIM), a global leader in wireless innovation, revolutionized the mobile industry with the introduction of the BlackBer ry solution in 1999. Since then, BlackBerry products and services have continued to change the way millions of people around the world stay connected. With the launch of BlackBerry ® 10, we have re-designed, re-engineered and re-invented BlackBerry.Not only did we introduce a new mobile experience to our global community of BlackBerry users, but we are also introducing a new name for the company. Research In Motion now operates globally under the iconic name BlackBerry. Corporate Responsibility Global Growth. BlackBerry is a company driven by ideas. We believe that innovation and collaboration will foster sustainable growth for our business. BlackBerry and its subsidiaries and affiliates (â€Å"BlackBerry†) are committed to offering the best tools for communication and social collaboration and working towards minimizing our environmental impact.BlackBerry  strives to act responsibly and expects the same of our partners and suppliers. Corporate Philanthropy BlackBerry Blac kBerry seeks to make a positive impact in our communities, engaging the talents and resources of our people and partners to harness the power of technology. BlackBerry strongly believes in the importance of education and works to inspire the next generation of minds, particularly in the areas of science, technology, engineering and math. Outreach efforts are concentrated on students at public elementary and secondary schools.Proud2Be program BlackBerry supports employee efforts to give back to communities through Proud2Be, a set of internal programs which present several opportunities to support our communities through fundraising drives and volunteerism. Through the Volunteer Recognition Program and the Child and Youth Active Living Program, BlackBerry  donated to 294 organizations around the world. Through these programs and a variety of corporately supported events and activities, employees volunteered more than 14,800 hours in fiscal 2012. Junior Achievement Europe innovation campsAs part of our commitment to furthering science, technology, engineering and math (STEM), BlackBerry  has partnered with JA-YE Europe, Europe’s largest provider of entrepreneurship education programs. Our partnership has supported the facilitation of one-day STEM innovation camps, which have provided real life technology based business challenges for the students to tackle with our employee volunteers. Over 900 students and 70 employees in Italy, Spain, South Africa, France, Sweden and the UK have all had the chance to participate in these forward-thinking innovation camps.An employee volunteer from Italy explained: â€Å"It was a fantastic experience, seeing how these young people were so engaged and energized. They loved to learn about BlackBerry and were able to use their creative skills to come up with some brilliant innovations. And for me personally, I really enjoyed being able to play my part in helping guide these students and see them gain confidence and get excited about innovation for the future†. Science, technology, engineering and math BlackBerry  successfully reached over 1. million students over fiscal 2012 to encourage their interest in (STEM) through programs such as the Canada Wide Science Fair, FIRST Robotics, and the BlackBerry Hands On Workshops (BBHOW) series. The BBHOW program teaches 11 to 17 year olds the science behind mobile technology and explores careers in technology. Fiscal 2012 saw the expansion of this program into the U. K. , with employee volunteers delivering workshops to eager students. In all, more than 9,000 students were able to participate in this learning program.BlackBerry and Free the Children BlackBerry is proud to partner with and help build on Free The Children’s record of local and global youth engagement to take action towards an inspired vision for tomorrow. Free The Children has taken the unique notion of â€Å"children helping children† to affect social change around the world. Its work has resulted in significant changes in two distinct areas, both of which BlackBerry is proud to support. The first and most direct is access to education.The second is an increased level of awareness and engagement that changes the way the youth who volunteer view themselves and the world around them—a mechanism for shaping the leaders of tomorrow. Through domestic empowerment programs and leadership training, Free The Children inspires young people to become socially conscious global citizens as well as agents of change for their peers worldwide. BlackBerry Build A Village Awards Going into its second year, the  BlackBerry Build A Village Awards  program sent 50 students to India and Kenya in July and August 2012.These students helped provide access to basic needs in the context of Free The Children’s four pillars of community development: healthcare, water and sanitation, education, and alternative incomes. They also had the opportunity to see the development projects that last year’s award recipients completed, including the schools and classrooms that are now open and the water and sanitation stations which are so vital to improving quality of life in Eor Ewuaso, Kenya and Bagad, India. The school that BlackBerry award recipients helped build in Eor Ewuaso was honoured by Free The Children for several academic achievements.More than 1,000 students, teachers and parents attended the award ceremony which celebrated achievements from the previous year. Eor Ewuaso won eight awards, including best school overall. We Day Waterloo The third annual  We Day Waterloo  took place on Wednesday, November 14, 2012. Close to 6,000 students from throughout southwestern Ontario came together to experience an event like no other. Free The Children co-founders, motivational speakers, and celebrity guests helped rally these young people to take on leadership roles in their communities.With the help of social strategy consulting fir m Mission Measurement, Free The Children was able to capture unprecedented insight into the impact of our last We Day Waterloo upon students, educators, and their schools. Highlights include: * 97% of students believed they could make a meaningful difference, up from 66% last year * 85% of students felt more educated about social justice issues * 96% of students planned to lead or play an active role in a social justice initiative * More than half of the educators in the audience returned to their schools with a renewed sense of purpose and enthusiasm forPublic Policy and Government Relations BlackBerry As one of the world’s leading communications technology companies with customers in more than 175 countries, BlackBerry actively participates in governmental proceedings, industry associations and technology standards bodies. Shaping public policy and engaging in regulatory affairs BlackBerry  helps to drive innovation, shape global policies and promote access to leading-edg e technologies. BlackBerry  partners with national and international organizations and industry bodies around the world to advance the development of wireless technology and mobile communications.In fiscal 2012, BlackBerry  participated in public consultations across multiple jurisdictions on a range of issues including spectrum, privacy, security, convergence, accessibility, intellectual property, and other issues. Lawful access Lawful access is a request by national or international law enforcement authorities to telecom carriers or technology suppliers for access to user communications for the purposes of law enforcement, investigation or prosecution as duly requested under the laws of a jurisdiction.A common requirement around the world, lawful access may be required for reasons such as investigating, solving or prosecuting crime, or for ensuring national security. Like others in our industry, from time to time, BlackBerry may receive requests from legal authorities for lawf ul access assistance. We are guided by appropriate legal processes and publicly disclosed lawful access principles in this regard, as we balance any such requests against our priority of maintaining privacy rights of our users. We do not speculate or comment upon individual matters of lawful access.Additionally, BlackBerry  does not provide special deals for individual countries, and we clearly stipulate that BlackBerry  has no ability to support the access of BlackBerry ® Enterprise Server (BES) communications as only our enterprise clients have control over the encryption keys for these communications. BlackBerry  is committed to operating its business in accordance with recognized industry standards of business and social responsibility in the markets we serve. BlackBerry  will continue to evaluate the markets in which we operate, we will engage and express our views to government and we will continue to operate in a principled manner. Learn about BlackBerry lawful acce ss principles Content filtering Content filtering refers to the ability to remove access to inappropriate and/or illegal Internet–based content. While often applied in the home or in a business to screen inappropriate content such as malware or pornography, content filtering requirements are generally established by national governments or voluntarily in many countries by Internet service providers, including telecom carriers. BlackBerry  is not an Internet service provider.Like our competitors, we support our carrier partners around the world to meet their obligations or commitments by working with them to ensure the availability of appropriate content filtering solutions for BlackBerry smartphones. Child online safety and protection Online safety and the protection of children and young people in the mobile environment are especially important to BlackBerry. For BlackBerry smartphone and BlackBerry ® PlayBookâ„ ¢ tablet applications, BlackBerry ® Worldâ„ ¢ offer s content rating and filtering options based on the CTIA Wireless Association’s  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Guidelines for App Content Classification and Ratings†.This feature enables parents to set a rating filter in BlackBerry World  to restrict content of specified ratings from being displayed or purchased. In addition, BlackBerry  introduced new parental control features that give parents the ability to control and restrict their children's use of various services and applications on BlackBerry smartphones, such as browsing, text messaging, BlackBerry ® Messenger and access to social networks. Furthermore, BlackBerry  and other leading companies have joined the â€Å"CEO Coalition to make the Internet a better place for kids†, which is a voluntary initiative esigned to respond to challenges arising from the diverse ways in which young people go online. Product Sustainability BlackBerry Creating products with the earth in mind BlackBerry is always on the lookout for sus tainable innovations that meet the needs of the present without compromising the future. Our commitment to reducing our environmental impact is visible throughout the lifecycle of our products—from initial concept to final delivery. Improving product sustainabilityIn fiscal 2012,  BlackBerry worked with experienced sustainability consultants to conduct in-depth, baseline assessments of our sustainability policies, programs and product development activities. The Natural Step, an international non-profit research and advisory organization, conducted a Sustainability Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA). The SLCA provided a strategic overview of the sustainability of our products, highlighting the ecological and social impacts of current products throughout their life cycle.To further assess the impact of our products,  BlackBerry worked with Five Winds International, an experienced sustainability management consulting firm, to conduct comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) stud ies on the BlackBerry ® Torchâ„ ¢ 9810 smartphone and the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet. The assessment provided an in-depth view of each product’s environmental impacts at every stage in its life cycle, from the materials used in the product, to production and distribution, to its use, and for the end of its useful life.Together, the SLCA and the LCA equip  BlackBerry with information to help focus our efforts on reducing our overall environmental impact. * Learn more about LCA * Sustainable at the source Sustainable sourcing, conflict-free minerals and higher recycled content all play a role in the development of our products. Working with suppliers and manufacturers, processes and policies are established to help deliver more sustainable products and enhance the customer experience. * Learn more about our materials * It’s more than just a box Moving toward a more sustainable, holistic packaging approach reduces BlackBerry’s environmental footprint.New eco -friendly packaging for BlackBerry ® smartphones, along with reduced transportation emissions, paperless documentation and new BlackBerry accessories, help us deliver more sustainable products. Learn more about our packaging * More energy, less waste * One of BlackBerry’s goals is to design more sustainably at each stage in the product life cycle by adopting Design for Environment principles and formalizing energy efficiency considerations in the Research and Development design processes. New charger and battery-saving tips help increase the energy efficiency of BlackBerry products. Learn more about energy efficiency * BlackBerry recycling BlackBerry  offers a variety of options for customers to responsibly dispose of BlackBerry devices that have reached the end of their useful life. Learn more about BlackBerry recycling Responsibility at BlackBerry BlackBerry BlackBerry is committed to global sustainability by improving the economic, social and environmental impacts of o ur day-to-day operations. BlackBerry teams implement programs across the organization to identify, execute and measure sustainable initiatives.Contact the BlackBerry Corporate Responsibility team 2012 Corporate Responsibility Report Download  (PDF) Corporate governance Learn about corporate governance at BlackBerry (BlackBerry Code of Business Standards and Principles, information regarding the Board of Directors and more) Corporate carbon footprint Learn about BlackBerry’s initiatives to reduce our corporate carbon footprint: * Learn about BlackBerry’s participation in the Carbon Disclosure Project * Learn about climate change initiatives * Learn about BlackBerry greenhouse gas initiatives * * Corporate operations BlackBerry is committed to reducing the environmental impact of our operations. * Energy Efficient Buildings * New data center built to green standards * Green IT * Waste diversion * Paper recycling * Paper procurement * View the BlackBerry Paper Procureme nt Policy  (PDF) * ISO 14001 Environmental Management System * The wireless handheld manufacture and repair services operations in Ontario are certified to the ISO 14001 standard. In fiscal 2013, BlackBerry will continue the process of expanding the scope of our certification to include research and development activities. Learn more about the BlackBerry ISO 14001 program Recognition by others BlackBery strives to create the best work environment for employees through a variety of programs. We are proud to have these efforts recognized by others. * 2012 Waterloo Region Top Employer * 2012 Canada’s Top 100 Employers for Young People * Randstad Canada’s Most Attractive Employer 2011 * Philanthropic and Community Leadership Award, Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce * Community Outreach Award, Rolling Meadows Chamber of Commerce * Outstanding Corporate Chamber Partner of the Year Award, Greater IrvingLas Colinas Chamber of Commerce Finding success with BlackBerry Thousand s of companies, government agencies and non-profit organizations worldwide have increased their success with the BlackBerry solution and are effectively improving people’s lives. Success stories, such as  TDI,  R3SM,  Herrle’s Country Farm Market,  International Medical Corps  and  Missing Children of South Africa, showcase how organizations are using the BlackBerry solution to benefit society. To find out why the BlackBerry solution was the best fit for these and other customers, visit the BlackBerry Customer Success website  www. lackberry. com/go/success. Supply Chain BlackBerry BlackBerry is committed to ensuring that the management of our supply chain activities is socially and environmentally responsible. As a multinational company we recognize that our supply chain operations reach many parts of the globe and a diverse range of communities, each with their own culture and business norms. As a responsible organization, we also recognize that there a re certain standards of employment and environmental performance that must be respected wherever we operate or have business relationships.These standards are encapsulated in our Supplier Code of Conduct, which was published in 2011. Supplier compliance with the BlackBerry Supplier Code of Conduct and Responsible Minerals Policy is an expectation for doing business and is fundamental to our supplier engagement activities. BlackBerry  continues to be an active participant in the Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition (EICC) and the Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI). View the BlackBerry Supplier Code of Conduct  (PDF) View the BlackBerry Responsible Minerals Policy  (PDF) Learn about the EICCLearn about the GeSI Supply chain social responsibility implementation BlackBerry  uses a risk-based approach for monitoring supplier conformance to our Supplier Code of Conduct. In fiscal 2012, BlackBerry established an enhanced process for evaluating supplier social and enviro nmental responsibility (SER) risk and prioritizing suppliers for assessments. The first step is a high-level risk assessment based on such factors as supplier location, commodity, relationship and history. The high-level risk assessment intended to be conducted annually on our identified supplier list.The output of this assessment is a prioritized list of suppliers, who will be required to complete detailed self-assessments. BlackBerry  intends to use the EICC-ON system to gather this information. BlackBerry  supports a common industry solution to supplier SER management and is actively engaged in the continued development of the system through work with EICC. BlackBerry  has formalized a process for reviewing the supplier self-assessments and plans to use the results as an input to BlackBerry’s SER audit schedule. Learn more about our auditing process Freely chosen employment in our supply chains BlackBerry  supports the principle of freely chosen employment and does not support the use of slave labor in any of its forms, including forced labor and child labor. View the BlackBerry Statement Regarding Freely Chosen Employment In Our Supply Chains  (PDF) Building capacity through training Like many other companies in our sector, we conduct on-site audits to check that our suppliers are complying with our Supplier Code of Conduct.We also recognize that auditing is only one of a number of tools that can be used to help drive improvements in supply chain performance. We are interested in developing additional sustainable solutions and in this respect BlackBerry  is a co-leader of the EICC/GeSI Learning ; Capability Work Group. During 2011 the group developed and launched supply chain training programs focused on health and safety in the workplace and worker-management communications, including sessions hosted by BlackBerry  suppliers. Supply chain carbon reportingBlackBerry  is participating in the EICC’s carbon reporting system. Thro ugh this system we will survey many of our direct suppliers of materials, which will give us insight into the carbon emissions associated with BlackBerry’s supply chain. It will help us to identify areas for improvement and opportunities to work with suppliers on projects to reduce carbon emissions. It will also help to raise awareness within our supply chain of the impact of carbon emissions on the environment and the benefits that can be gained through reduction programs.Conflict minerals It is widely recognised that control over the valuable raw material resources of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and surrounding countries has contributed to armed conflict and serious cases of human rights abuses in the region. BlackBerry  does not support the use of minerals that are illegally mined, transported or traded, nor metals derived from such minerals, including gold, tantalum (columbite-tantalite), tin (cassiterite) and tungsten (wolframite).In January 2012, BlackBerry   published a  Responsible Minerals Policy  to clearly state our position. * Learn more about BlackBerry work to address conflict minerals Solutions for Hope In fiscal 2012, BlackBerry  joined the Solutions for Hope project which aims to create a process to deliver conflict-free tantalum material from the DRC in accordance with the OECD Due Diligence Guidance. The process is based on a â€Å"closed pipe† principle in which tantalite ore mined from specific sites within the DRC is traced along its secure supply chain to the smelter.The smelter, who is a participant in the CFS Program, converts the ore to capacitor grade powder and wire that is then shipped to AVX Corporation, who in turn manufactures the capacitors and ships them to participating customers, including BlackBerry. Not only does this program help to ensure that tantalum used in our products comes from verifiably conflict-free sources, but it also provides hope to the small artisanal miners and communities who rely on this work to support themselves and their families. Learn about Solutions for Hope Supplier diversity Launched in the U. S. nd Canada in fiscal 2012, the BlackBerry  Supplier Diversity Program works to create mutually beneficial business relationships with diverse suppliers that strengthen communities. The goal is to provide opportunities to diverse suppliers who satisfy purchasing and contractual standards. Diverse businesses include small businesses, businesses owned by veterans, minorities or women, and those in historically underutilized business zones. Sourcing areas of the corporation are encouraged to identify and include diverse suppliers and consultants in the procurement process. * Learn about the BlackBerry Supplier Diversity Program

Kairos

The Notion of Kairos While we in the present day are content with using the word â€Å"time†, the Early Greeks made the distinction between two very different notions of this concept. The first one, Chronos, refers to a linear and quantifiable time, whereas the second, Kairos, denotes the idea of â€Å"the right time† to take an action, or to give a speech on a particular topic for example. Comparing Kairos and Chronos raises the question of the role of Kairos in human agency. In many cases, the moment of the action appears to be more important than the action itself.In fact, Kairos is an opportunity for men to have agency in a world usually dictated by fate. In this way, Kairos restores freedom to human lives that would otherwise be predetermined. Finally, it is interesting to notice that there does not exist a modern English translation for Kairos, which seems to suggest that it is a concept that does not have a place in modern society and thus in our modern understan ding of time. Chronos and Kairos oppose each other in many ways.. Whereas Chronos refers to sequential time, measurable and regular, Kairos denotes qualitative time, or a favorable moment.Moreover, unlike Chronos, Kairos is unpredictable and can only be ‘revealed’ thanks to the correct interpretation of external signs, hence the impression that it is situated outside of Chronos. The â€Å"opportune moments† Kairos provides are neither measurable nor predictable, and cannot be located on a clock or on any similar device. Thus, to a certain extent, Kairos seems to be a â€Å"timeless† time. The Hippocratic Corpus, a group of texts said to be written by Hippocrates, exemplifies the importance of Kairos to the ancient Greeks in everyday life.The author writes that the success of the medicine a doctor administers to a patient depends greatly on the time or moment that the medicine is given. While the success of the remedy used is also dependent on different cha racteristics of the patient’s body, it is the moment that the remedy is used that is the most important. Indeed, Kairos cannot be placed in a larger temporal framework because it does not relate to the notions of past and future. For this reason, Kairos can only exist in the present. This is why a physician does not try to redict how a disease will evolve, but instead attempts to predict in which Kairos, or â€Å"critical phase† he is in at the moment of his medical examination. For example, in the case of â€Å"an overpowering heaviness of the head†, â€Å"water, or at most [†¦] a pale-yellow wine† should be administered. While this quote may seem to describe the way doctors apply medicine today, it is in fact a description of a very different system. Rather than seeking a connection between the symptom and the medicine, ancient doctors felt there was a connection between the symptom and the moment of Kairos it exists in.Different symptoms indicated different moments of Kairos which then dictated how the patient ought to be treated. Furthermore, these moments of interpretation are deeply anchored in the present, as it is the only â€Å"time† (as opposed to past and future) in which action can be taken. This is to say that Kairos is the moment in which a man can escape his fate, which otherwise rules his life. Fate is always associated with Chronos time, which can be predicted and unavoidably evolves from past to future according to a predetermined development.In contrast, Kairos time allows for spontaneous action based on temporal opportunities. Since in Chronos time, the present is already determined by the past, there is never a true moment of freedom. Sophocles’ play Oedipus at Colonus presents an illustration of this predestination: â€Å"Thy tale of cruel suffering For which no cure was found, The fate that held thee bound. † Here the Chorus addresses Oedipus, clearly expressing the idea that his life , just as that of anybody else, is constrained by fate, which he cannot escape.Chronos is the father of all the Olympian Gods, represented as a wise old man, and known as â€Å"Father Time. † In contrast to this image of Chronos, Kairos is represented dancing, holding the scales of fate in his left hand; with his right hand, he is tipping the scale in one direction or the other. This clearly shows his ability to liberate moments from fate and his detachment from Chronos. Because of this, the moment of the action is often emphasized more than the action itself.This is evident in the Hippocratic Medical Corpus: â€Å"This is the time for administrating gruel that must be most carefully observed† – â€Å"Consider this time of great importance in all diseases† From this quote, it is clear that the most important factor in the administration of medicine is not the disease the patient has, but the moment the remedy will be given. This moment must occur at the r ight time, during the right phase of the illness, in order for the remedy to be successful. The same can be said about Pindar’s Pythian 4, an ode to the victor of the Pythian games.In Pythian 4, Pindar spends more time describing the process that led the heroes to go on an expedition in search for the golden fleece at the moment they did than he does describing their exploits, which are only summarized. This example is particularly interesting in that through those feats, Jason, the hero of the myth, and his companions will achieve kleos, and will thus transcend Chronos time. However, it is the fact that the expedition left at the right moment that seems important to Pindar, or at least more important than the exploits.In an example such as this one, Kairos does seem to be treated as the agent of the action, or at any rate, as responsible for its success. This gives Kairos an extremely important role, in rehabilitating man’s freedom. Indeed, without the existence of Ka iros, human beings would be trapped in their fate without any power over their destiny. Kairos is an opportunity and a â€Å"critical moment†, but it is also the â€Å"due measure† that allow humans to influence on the course of their own existences. However, Kairos only allows men to take action; it does not take action for them.This is evident in the medical corpus: â€Å"[Physicians] generally make the change from fasting to gruel exactly at those times at which often it is profitable to exchange gruel for what is virtually fasting. † One can imagine that relying on such a method could have led to serious mistakes. The nature of Kairos is such that these mistake could easily have disastrous consequences, for which the physician, and not Kairos, would be responsible. Indeed, Kairos alone is not sufficient for a patient to heal, or for an action to be carried out with success.In order for an action to succeed the individual must act in the right moment but must also act correctly. In the medical corpus example, giving gruel could probably have been beneficial, but was not because it was given to the patient at the wrong phase of time. This also is why the medical corpus says medications listed can only be efficient in â€Å"the proper time of their use†. In this way, Kairos is a necessary condition, but is in no way sufficient on its own. The positive outcome of an action therefore does not only depend on Kairos, but on the correct interpretation of Kairos.Thus, a good physician is not one who knows all the different names of every disease, a good physician is one who above all else can read a patient’s body in order to recognize the phase of time the disease is in, and thus determine what should be done. This is why, according to a passage of the Hippocratic Corpus, every physician should learn â€Å"the changes of the seasons and the risings and settings of the phenomena† in order to â€Å"learn the times beforehan d†, which will allow him to â€Å"succeed best in securing health, and will achieve the greatest triumphs in the practice of his art†Our modern concept of time leaves no place for Kairos. The word cannot be translated into modern English, and even the concept requires a fair amount of explanation, since it falls so outside of the realm of our understanding of both time and fate. The closest word to Kairos in the English language would most likely be the word, â€Å"opportunity† While â€Å"opportunity† conveys the way moments in Kairos function with humans agency, it does not fully convey the temporal dimension of Kairos. In modern day society, opportunities are not necessarily always dependent on small windows of time and are often not spontaneous.In this sense, it appears that we can only talk of an opportunity, but not of the moment in which that opportunity takes place. This is to say that the same way Kairos seems detached from Chronos, our opportunit y is detached from time altogether. However, even today, moments of Kairos, though not intentionally, are often taken into consideration when a decision is being made about an action. For example, politicians often â€Å"read the signs† of the political environment or social atmosphere before making a speech on a particular topic.Similarly, humans use Kairos in everyday interactions as we constantly anticipate each other’s responses based on the moments we think each other are experiencing. Though Kairos seems unfamiliar and strange in modern society, it is not a concept we are altogether unfamiliar with. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Hippocratic Corpus, Regimen in Acute Diseases p. 79 [ 2 ]. Sophocles, Oedipus At Colonus [ 3 ]. Hippocratic Corpus, Regimen in Acute Diseases p. 79 [ 4 ]. Hippocratic Diseases, Regimen at Acute diseases p. 97 [ 5 ]. Hippocratic Corpus, Regime n In Acute Diseases p. 119

The Case of the Misplaced Modifier

The Case of the Misplaced Modifier The Case of the Misplaced Modifier The Case of the Misplaced Modifier By Carla Lowe As a freelance editor and proofreader, the misplaced or dangling modifier is a common writing error I see. That sentence should have made you cringe, or at least confused. It introduces an all-too-frequent grammatical problem found in writing: misplaced and dangling modifiers. First, what’s a modifier? A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that â€Å"modifies† (says something about, describes, clarifies, qualifies, limits) another word, phrase, or clause. Modifiers are either adjectival (modifying nouns or pronouns) or adverbial (modifying verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs). The challenge with modifiers lies in knowing where to place them. A misplaced modifier can create confusion and drastically alter the meaning of a sentence because it appears to modify the wrong thing. Misplaced Words Many single-word modifiers are often misplaced; these include only, almost, just, even, merely, hardly, and nearly, for example. Consider how the meaning of the following sentence changes, depending on where you place the word only: Only Susie gave $20 at the fundraiser. (No one else but Susie gave $20.) Susie only gave $20 at the fundraiser. (The only thing Susie did was give $20.) Susie gave only $20 at the fundraiser. (Susie didn’t give any more than $20.) Susie gave $20 at the only fundraiser. (Susie gave $20 at the only available fundraiser.) Susie gave $20 at the fundraiser only. (Susie didn’t give $20 anywhere else.) One trick to help you avoid misplacing these types of modifiers is to place the modifier next to (or near) the word/words it modifies. For the above sentence, if you want only to modify $20, then use the third example. Misplaced Phrases/Clauses Phrases and clauses are also regularly misplaced in writing. Examples: My husband asked me if we might consider having another baby during our friends’ baby shower. (implies that the husband wants to have a baby during the shower) I found a new scratching post for my cat, which was on clearance at the pet store. (implies that the cat was on clearance) To correct these sentences, place the modifying phrase/clause closer to the word/words it modifies: During our friends’ baby shower, my husband asked me if we might consider having another baby. I found a new scratching post, which was on clearance at the pet store, for my cat. Dangling Modifiers A pet peeve of mine, the dangling modifier is usually a phrase or an elliptical clause (a dependent clause in which some words have intentionally been left out), often at the beginning of a sentence, that either doesn’t modify anything specific in the sentence or modifies the wrong word or part of the sentence. Consider my introductory sentence: As a freelance editor and proofreader, the misplaced or dangling modifier is a common writing error I see. Of course, you can probably figure out what I was trying to communicate, but the dangling modifier is distracting and creates ambiguity; it illogically implies that the modifier is actually a freelance editor and proofreader! So how can I fix the sentence? As a freelance editor and proofreader, I notice that many writers struggle with misplaced and dangling modifiers. Now, the introductory phrase (As a freelance editor and proofreader) correctly and logically modifies the pronoun I. Remember the trick to place the modifier as close as possible to whatever it needs to modify, and you’ll avoid the majority of errors associated with modifier placement. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?10 Types of TransitionsComma After Introductory Phrases

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Assignment - Essay Example Additionally, different from sex, which refer to biological dimension, gender is acquired through socialization. In fact, gender inequality consists in everywhere in the society. From birth, baby boys and baby girls are treated in different ways by their parents. According to MacDonald, parents always take care of their baby girls more carefully and gently. Besides, parents give different toys to different genders often unknowingly reinforcing gender stereotypes. For example, parents prefer to give computer games, vehicles and war toys to boys and dolls, dishes and jewelry boxes to girls. In addition, boys and girls are assigned different tasks when they are old enough to do some housework. Boys are usually asked to do maintenance chores, such as replacing bulbs and fixing roofs. Girls always end up doing domestic chores, such as cleaning rooms, cooking and shopping. Moreover, sociologists consider that the chores assigned to children can go on to effect children’s personal characteristics and future occupation choices. For instance, girls experienced in looking after their siblings may become nurses in future. Boys may learn computer science and in w ork IT areas and they may become engineers when they grow up. Some critics believe that the media should report the reality, while some others think the media can persuade the public into certain ideas. Among all kinds of TV programs, there are more male roles occurs than female ones. Indeed, the characters are significant different between male and female roles. According to Basow, male are always depicted typically aggressive, and heroic. Contrarily, female roles are various. In some video games, online games and electronic media women are objectified and are depicted in a poor light reinforcing negative stereotypes of women. Men are typically portrayed as â€Å"macho†, gun totting and as super heroes. These games encourage children to resort to violence as it desensitizes them against

Conjectural View on conjoint impact of Leadership Substitute and Essay

Conjectural View on conjoint impact of Leadership Substitute and Leadership Neutralizer on Performance Outcome - Essay Example Academic Review The research paper was more about examining the indirect and direct impact of leadership substitutes on performance outcomes. Hence, pertinent research question for the paper was, â€Å"how leadership substitutes can influence the performance outcomes?† Michael K. Muchiri and Ray W. Cooksey used research works of various research scholars such as Arnold et al (2005), Lowe and Gardner (2001), Yukl (2010), Dionne et al. (2005), Avolio and Bass (2002) and Parry (2004) to define the leadership behaviour. The researchers’ duo also stressed on the fact that how particular leadership behaviour has relationship with social setting and what leadership strategy can be embodied to improve the performance outcomes of subordinates. In such context, Lowe and Gardner (2001) argued personal characteristics, organisational context and group processes can be served as alternatives for leadership or substitutes which have the capacity to create hierarchical leadership effe cts on subordinates (Muchiri and Cooksey, 2011). Writers of the research paper strongly argued that there cannot be a definite measure or definition of leadership because leadership is dependent on situational and social context. Dionne et al. (2005) argued that situational variables can not only act as substitute but also increase the effectiveness of leader’s behaviour. Muchiri and Cooksey (2011) argued that situational substitute can enhance the leadership ability influence and job performance of subordinates. Although, the research paper focused various aspects leadership substitutes but the researcher did not shed light on leadership neutralisers which can reduce the effectiveness of leadership. Careful analysis of the research works of Burke (2004), McArdle and Reason (2008), Hicks (2002), McNiff and Whitehead (2002) and Klosko (2000) reveal the fact that leadership has direct relationship with organizational dynamics (OD) process and an individual can play situational role to direct the activity of subordinates. Such kind of research findings supports the existence of leadership substitute which can even make leadership unnecessary. On the other hand, leadership neutralisers do not replace leadership but eradicate the influence of leadership. Muchiri and Cooksey (2011) also pointed out that there are leadership enhancer variables such as organizational environment, talented employee pool and employee which can significantly improve the impact of leadership on performance of subordinates. Research scholars such as Burke (2004), McArdle and Reason (2008), Hicks (2002), McNiff and Whitehead (2002) and Klosko (2000) stressed on democratic leadership aspects while other research scholars argued that democratic culture can be treated as leadership neutralisers. The researcher believe that research work of Michael K. Muchiri and Ray W. Cooksey has its own merit but scope of the research paper can be enhanced by considering leadership in general rather t han confining the research transformational leadership and social processes of leadership. The researcher duo used the transformational-transactional leadership theory proposed by research scholars such as Avolio and Yammarino (2002), Avolio and Bass (2004) and Avolio (2005) to develop their theoretical arguments. On the other hand, research works of Parry and Meindl (2002), Parry and Proctor-Thomson (2001) and Bartram and Casimir (2007) were used in

Best Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Best Practices - Essay Example Moreover, as we all know that without contraries there is no progression. Thus, the notion of best practice becomes a deterrent for a progressive state and its citizens or employees. Thus programs, initiatives or activities which are considered leading edge, or exceptional models for others to follow, for achieving a minimum standard that are that are successful and sustainable in social and environmental terms and can be readily adopted by other individuals or organizations. Hence, it has basic links to Taylorism1, waste management, minimizing inefficiency and ultimately increasing labour output thus maximizing revenue. Another general aspect is about synthesizing an Organization's broad range of experience from programme, projects, and makes it widely available to all, from policy-makers to practitioners. Thus, "best practice" may be defined as a superior method or innovative practice that contributes to the improved performance of an organization, usually recognized as "best" by other peer organizations. However, in establishing something as a best practice, it raises serious issues about how we determine what is a best practice to begin with. Again, in understanding best practices in relation to Production and Operations Management industries one must first understand their core values with analogies. The assumptions about Production and Operations Management must be elaborated, first, to support or defy its stereotypical paradigms, by which they are established in the world of economics and corporate jargon. Production implies goods or services that must satisfy the human needs or requirement and by transforming resources to outputs in the form of goods or services by the means of physical resources or physically driven resources. But production management has intrinsic involvement with the value added processes by the productive use of resources. And management processes in case of high productivity always seeks to eliminate waste, use improved technology, better production and operations design, involve better leadership management, produce better quality of goods, reduce material input, improved utilization of resources, strategic reduction in working capital requirements, reduction in inventory size, and improvement in manpower skills through training to say the least. Thus, two main objectives of product and operations management involves are product selection and understanding the product life cycle within the organized unitary body of interacting components that are inter-dependen t and part of the suprasystem. This leads to process planning that assesses productibility. Nevertheless, management regarding best practices tends to value standardization against specialization. However, does true standardization restrict production Best practices are not always effective in every domain they are implemented. A related concern is that when network managers realize that multiple standards may be required to achieve their goals, they may become overwhelmed trying to discern the differences among popular frameworks and thus not effectively be able to implement best practices customized for their singular organization. Identification and implementation

The Right to an Occupational License Research Paper

The Right to an Occupational License - Research Paper Example There might also be a residency issue because the prisoner may be serving time in an institution that is not in his or her home state and, therefore, may not meet the residency requirement. All that being said, this student believes that prisoners should be able to vote in that they are likely affected as much as any ordinary citizen by who wins. Furthermore, if felons could vote, perhaps an interest in the upcoming election could occur, thereby giving the prisoners a greater understanding and appreciation for the law. This student’s answer for 1 (a) was not any, but I would just like to say that I can see no reason why a prisoner let out into the community should not be able to vote. This student wonders why after a prisoner has served his or her time he would not enjoy the same rights as all the eligible citizens who have not served time. The released individual should not have to apply to have his or her voting rights restored. Citizen B, basically, committed several offenc es; namely, sexual harassment per se; intimidation; and firing an employee who would not acquiesce to her demands. Although the question states that she successfully â€Å"served† her two years of probation, it gives no indication that she carried out appropriate community service and/or took counselling designed to help her to understand her behaviour and to refrain from it in the future. She did not serve jail time and, apparently, did not make restitution to the fired employee. Consequently, at this time, I do not believe that she should be allowed to hold public office.

Minorities In The Criminal Justice System Criminology Essay

Minorities In The Criminal Justice System Criminology Essay The importance of recognizing the fundamental concepts of issues in the Canadian criminal justice system is critical in the illustration of justice to minorities predominately Blacks and Aboriginal. Blacks and Aboriginals have been challenged socially, economically and politically. In examining the Canadian criminal justice system, it can be concluded there are many complications in attempting to justify the outcome of a case. It is imperative to recognize if the Canadian judicial system is simply responsible for the over representation of Blacks and Aboriginals in the justice system. This paper will further examine and critically analyze the flaws of the justice system. The processes of prosecuting an offender sometimes rely on the jurors. The importance of selecting jury needs to be further addressed. Thus, this paper will examine different aspects of the Canadian criminal justice system in relation to the existence of racial discrimination. The foundation of Canada was formed by the Aboriginals continuing to the colonial revolution to become a multicultural country. However the diverse races that are existent in Canada have been in conflict. Racism has lingered for countless years wherein complete abolishment will be unsuccessful providing marginalization and stereotypes are existent in society. It is noteworthy to recognize the race-related injustice minorities experience within the criminal justice system. Though the different systems and procedures in the criminal justice system are designed to protect society, minorities are often challenged with stigmatization. Evidence from the Canadian society indicates an over representation of minorities within the criminal justice system to the extent that there are concerns regarding wrongful convictions such as Donald Marshall, Jr. Prevalent oppression of these races lead to the failure of the justice system to be a reliable source of integrity to citizens, failing to build confidence. This paper will discuss the importance of fair and equal treatment in the justice system. The failure to recognize the injustice minorities encounter often results in the constant practice of systemic discrimination. Discriminatory practices such as racial discrimination and racial profiling are still prevalent within the Canadian Criminal Justice System. The significance of addressing this issue is having an impartial mindset in the judicial system when a minority is convicted. This issue can be addressed as systemic discrimination leading to the over representation of Black and Aboriginal in prisons in Canada. The key areas I will focus on are: the white dominated jury selection in trials involving minorities. I will examine if the criminal cases are a result of systemic discriminatory practices or if it is the complications within those cases. In addition I will also analyze the reason why there is an over representation of Blacks and Aboriginals within the Criminal Justice System and if Canada violates the legislated human rights identified under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and possibly the Criminal Code. This paper will consist of various studies conducted to examine whether racial discrimination is existent in society. Many studies have been conducted to determine if racial prejudice is present through arrests and court systems resulting in the over population of the prisons. In this paper I will analyze various sources of literature review, reports, articles, cases, theories and studies to enhance my arguments and persuade the reader to implement solutions to help reduce the partial treatment in all levels of the criminal justice system. By addressing the fundamental issue in society it raises awareness of the possible solutions that can be addressed. This is a topic of interest as I can relate as a minority. I hope to limit the partial practices in the Criminal Justice System. The analysis of criminal court cases such as R. v. Williams (1998), R. v. Khan (2004), R. v. Marshall (1971) will support my arguments regarding existing mistreatment of ethnic minorities with the Canadian criminal justice system. I will also discuss that stigmatization of blacks and Aboriginals are still prominent in todays society in the arrest and court processes. In this paper, I will explore why such injustice is still occurring and what actions can be taken to minimize stigmatization. I will draw attention to the various forms of injustice within the Canadian criminal justice system. Through analysis of particular cases I will draw attention to the types of discriminatory practice that exist. I will also make recommendation on how to bet ter address the existing racism problems within the current justice system as addressing such mal practices are vital in improving the justice system. Historical Concepts of Race: It is vital to consider the historical background of the racial backgrounds that will be focused on in this paper. It determines the fundamental cause of the problem today that affects many lives. It is imperative to recognize the aspects that will facilitate for a better understanding of the outcomes of cases. In addition this will confirm the challenges minorities have faced are still present today. Mosher (1998) has proven, The analysis of racial inequality in diverse historical contexts allows us to establish a perspective from which to view contemporary problems (p.28). Blacks in Canada As a result of colonialism, Canada has attracted immigrants from all over the world including blacks. In 2006, data collected through surveys concluded the black population increased to over three quarters of a million approximate 783,000 (Wortley Owusu-Bempah, 2010). Though the population increased significantly from the earlier years, the representation of blacks within the Canadian population remains at 2.5%. The black population in Canada fails to be equally scatter in population distribution, as a result only concentrated in specific cities. The migration of the black population is diversified from the country of origin with different composition of cultures, values and beliefs. The survey concluded Canadas black population suffers from economic and social disadvantage (Wortley Owusu-Bempah, 2010). The progress of multiculturalism in Canada through the colonial revolution significantly affected the black population. Historically dated, the prominent severe practice of slavery of black individuals was practiced in the United Stated and the Caribbean. Nonetheless, Canada also had some sort of involvement. It has been evident in the ownership of slaves by six legislators of Upper Canadas first parliament (Wortley Owusu-Bempah, 2010). This illustrates the foundation of collectively placing the black population in social disparity from the beginning. Thus, the impact of disadvantage continues to the present day. The poor treatment of white elites towards the black population often denied the basic rights of individuals. The stigmatization of blacks led to segregation in school as well as public life along with limitations of owning properties (Winks, 2008). The hostile treatment of the white population towards blacks was very explicit in comparison to todays society. Although issues of racial discrimination have been addressed it is still implicitly prominent today. Stereotypical views The historical perspective of the blacks in Canada can further illustrate the root of the problem of society today. The beliefs and stereotypes that have been the first perspective of whites towards the black population have been instilled in individuals continuing to carry those set of beliefs. According to a recent survey, results have shown one third of the Canadian population report being at least slightly racist (Leger, 2007). The mentality that has been created about the black population being socially and economically underprivileged has found a way to make members of society believe they are continually being stigmatized. On the earlier years, whites have always had the upper hand in contrast to blacks, this has implicitly continued by examining the members of the criminal justice system from the police system to the members of the judiciary. As racial discrimination has formed in various ways from the beginning, it has had adverse affects on the black population of todays so ciety and the law. Thus, the mentality from the slavery days have evolved and integrated into the justice system, affecting the method of serving justice to blacks. The issue of racial discrimination in Canada is a controversial topic. In contrast, the most common explicit evidence of racial discrimination is racial profiling evident through anecdotal accounts. The debate in Canada consists of the scepticism of the general public with focus on systemic discrimination that exists in the justice system and if there is equal access to services offered within the Canadian criminal justice system (Wortley, 2003). Canada in comparison to the United States lacks the resources for empirical evidence to further assess the amount of racial discrimination in the justice system. However, the minimal research conducted has evidently illustrated the prevalence of discrimination within the black and First Nation group of minorities. Indigenous First Nations suffered through a devastating history however one may not assume it has been completely stopped. Surprisingly, in the present day the mistreatment of police forces or other authoritative figures have not simply justified fair and equal treatment. Many scholars have attempted to study the relationship of the treatments of the criminal justice system through the communication processes (Roberts, Doob, 1997). Historically, Aboriginals were seen as a barrier to colonization and progress, as an outcome they were subject to unjust treatment and were forced to assimilate into Canadian life. They were also subject to convert from red men to white this was accomplished by forcing them into residential schools where they suffered a tremendous amount of torture (Dickson-Gilmore, 2005). During this process, First nations have been stripped away of culture: they were forced to surrender land and degraded to the reserves while they were prohibited to have an Aboriginal model of family, social life and spirituality (Dickson-Gilmore, 2005). As Indigenous have been rejected culturally, socially and politically it is a contributing factor to why society has stereotypical views. As the mandatory placement of Aboriginals on reserves, it has resulted in the constant use of drugs and alcohol as they are excluded from the rest of society. Aboriginals have suffered through a disadvantaged past from being stripped of all kinds of identity and being put aside into the reserves. It is very easy to stereotypically judge an individual. Players in the criminal justice system are also humans and are aware of the historically disadvantaged past of the First Nations. The assumption all Aboriginals are the same can affect the outcome of cases wherein an Aboriginal is involved. The stigmatization that has been established about the Indigenous continues to prevail in society today as it is evident in the criminal justice system. Media The media has become a significant influence on the general public. From the television shows, movies and news it has managed to instil certain information, perceptions in the heads of its viewers and/or listeners. Prominently, the media will portray all the negative characteristics of a certain race which leads to the creation of stereotypes. Studies have shown the biasness of the Canadian media and the unfairness of media representations (Mahtani, 2001). Considerably, the media is a powerful medium to deliver knowledge to the public, selecting certain images of minorities to govern the publics perspective (Fleras and Kunz, 2001). As a result, pessimistic representation of minorities includes stereotypes and beliefs such as: threatening, deviant, and irrelevant to the construction of the nation. The negative traits of minorities depicted in the media automatically become the everyday perception of the public. It is rare to see minorities on a television show, however if they are fea tured on a show they are depicted as criminals or deviant (Mahtani, 2001). Thus, the images or the actions/role of a minority depicted in the media is considered one sided portrayals or articles become reality in the minds of Canadians (Fleras and Kunz, 2001) in addition to confirmation of the stereotypes already created. The media often creates a picture of poor black men involved in drugs or violence. Chances of a successful black man being featured in a news broadcast have decreased in the likelihood. The media generates a subliminal message of stereotyping black men. Focusing on a particular race stories emphasizing certain characteristics and eventually transfers those characteristics into a social norm (Fleras and Kunz, 2001). In addition, Aboriginals who have claimed the land of Canada primarily are also portrayed as alcoholics and violent individuals facilitating in the general stereotypes. These stereotypes are consumed in individual beliefs including the police and judicial system. According to Scot Wortley and Akwasi Owusu-Bempah (2010) media analyses have depicted Black people in Canada have a heightened chance of being portrayed as criminal offenders rather than victims. The Black population have often complained regarding the news media and other forms of popular culture (film, music, etc.) about the portrayal often enhancing the stereotypes that already exists. This depiction of the particular race usually places a strain on the treatment of the members of the criminal justice system. Scot Worley (2002) has performed extensive research within the Toronto star. In his findings, he discovered almost half of all stories depicting Black people are related to crime and violence, in comparison to 14% of its counterparts of white victims. In addition to the results, he also found that white victims received more media coverage than Black victims. These biases of large mediums affect an individuals sub consciousness. Treatments of minorities According to Nelson (2004), extensive research of the differential treatment of Aboriginals has been ongoing historically to present. A summarization of the results consists of similar cases of confrontations between first nations and the police due to harassment, racism or aggressiveness through force to restrain the fighting of Aboriginal groups for treaty rights and land claims. Government has imposed solutions in an attempt to reduce incarceration rates for First Nations. The method of restorative justice is encouraged to decrease the over representation of Aboriginals in the entire Criminal Justice System (Nelson, 2004). In addition, scholars have also studied the perception of police and interactions with the black community. Henry Hastings (1996) has conducted a research of how criminal activities are racialized resulting in the confirmation of negative perceptions affecting the treatment of blacks in the criminal justice system. Chart above (Wortley Owusu,-Bempah, 2009, Unequal before the law: Immigrant and Racial Minority Perceptions of the Canadian Criminal Justice system: http://www.springerlink.com/content/036768l1221r238m//fulltext.html#Fig2): Percent of respondents who believe that a black person would receive a harsher sentence than a white person convicted of the same crime The chart above is a depiction of the confidence of the general public in the justice system. As previously mentioned, the perceptions of society towards the Black population have not changed. As a result a survey has been conducted based on perception of three major ethnicities: White, Chinese and Black. The public beliefs of mistreating Blacks had forced the police enforcement to implement the idea of designing strategies to eliminate or reduce the belief of targeting racial minorities. An action plan of recruiting minority groups in the police force has been implemented. Evidentially, these anti-racism programs have not been well examined, due to the significant amount of increase still prevalent in this survey. Stenning (2003) has stated, if such efforts are effective, perceptions of racial bias in policing and the courts should have decreased significantly over the past 10 to 15 years. Racial Profiling A prominent form of racial discrimination is racial profiling. Evidence of surveys conducted still find racial profiling to be a common problem. An academic literature definition of racial profiling is defined as: significant racial differences in police stop and search practices, significant racial differences in Customs search and interrogation practice and particular under or sting operation which target specific racial/ethnic communities (Wortley Owusu-Bempah, 2010, p.17). Various studies conducted in the United States, Great Britain and Canada have all concluded that Black people have an increased chance of being stopped, questioned and search by the police (Tanovich, 2006). This issue has been brought to the attention of the Ontario Human Rights Commission in 2003 with a compilation of detailed testimonial from over 800 individuals in Ontario with a majority composition of black felt they have been a victim of racial profiling. If racial profiling exists it is evident that rac ial discrimination also exists and is somewhat visible in the justice system. Racial profiling within in the society by police, at every level of the justice system influences the statistical information of minorities in the Canadian criminal justice system. Players in the Criminal Justice System The explanation of the over representations of black and Aboriginals in the criminal justice system can simply be explained through the thorough analysis of the judicial system. Canada was originally established in a Eurocentric focus presently continuing justifying the flaws of the criminal justice system and the ignorance towards minorities. The limited representation of minority in the judiciary contributes to the factor of the lack of recognition of minority needs. Essentially, it is vital to implement affirmative action in the courts to avoid stigmatization of race (Crenshaw, Gotanda, Peller, 1995). In addition, in the event of final decisions in court, majority of jurors selected are of a white decent while the criminal offender is often black or Aboriginal with programmed stereotypes. As a result, jury decisions often incarcerate blacks and Aboriginals creating the over representations in prisons. By examining the judicial system it is easy to conclude the racial consistency is prominently white males. This reflects not only the European colonization in early years but the current patriarchal society. According to Hamalengwa (2003), a white lawyer had stated, bringing the racial animus in a criminal case will alienate the judge, police, prosecutors and the jury, all of whom are most likely White and will likely ensure a conviction (p.9). The credibility of this statement is accurate as it is a primary source. When the issue of race is raised in the court systems, it is often denied the attention and action for equal justice of minority groups such as Aboriginals and Blacks Police According to Parker et al (2005), there has been sufficient evidence to conclude police have an increased likelihood of making arrests in cases involving whites compared to non white victims as well as scenarios with a white victim and a black offender. These results show that whites are much more favourable within the justice system emphasizing on the higher value placed on them in comparison to blacks. Further analytical examinations of police biasness of whites during arrests have been studied. In Toronto during the period of 1996 throughout 2001 there have been 10,000 arrests involving drug possessions which was composed of 38% of black suspects and 23% whites. All accused persons were taken to the police station for report processes. However accused white individuals were likely to be discharged in contrast to black individuals who were most likely to be detained overnight for a bail hearing. As there is an overwhelming over representation of Aboriginal people in the criminal justice system, over and under policing contribute to these statistics (Rudin, 2005). Over policing refers to the practice of policing targeting people of particular ethnic or racial backgrounds or people who live in particular neighbourhoods (Rudin, 2005, p.1). This results in the police structuring a different approach towards Aboriginals with the assumption they are violent, dangerous and more likely to be involved in criminal activity. In contrast to the over policing, Aboriginals are underrepresented to being victims by police. This a reflection of the government who often disregard the Aboriginal rights claims and ignore the suffering they continue to experience (Rudin, 2005). Though there have been collective efforts to strategically reduce racial bias in the justice system, it is still questionable whether it is actually effective. One of the approaches that has been recently been put in effect is minority recruitment. It is the idea of hiring minorities to diversify policing and the other sectors of the justice system (Stenning, 2003). Results of this strategy have improved in diversifying the police. In 1994, the police force was composed of 6% minority members compared to the significant increase in 2009 to 19% (Wortley McCalla, 2008). Diversity has evidentially been proven to exist as the two out of the four Deputy Chiefs are black as well as the September 2009 graduates reported to have been the most multicultural class of recruits (Wortley Owusu-Bempah, 2010). As the police are creating a racially diversified environment there is no guarantee that minority members are free of racial discrimination in the work force. The problem of racial discrimination will be difficult to completely eradicate, considering the historical aspects of Canada and the existence continuing into the workforce. Police are a vital variable to consider when dealing with the racial background of one of the primary source for arrests and convictions. As mentioned previously, the police force had been historically composed of a majority of white racial background until recently creating bias to those minorities from internalized beliefs. Jurors Critical Race Theory was created in the 1970s acknowledging racism adopting the ideology from the United States. It is a socially constructed concept attempting to show the structure of law including antidiscrimination law accommodating and facilitating racism (Aylward, 1999). The implication of the Critical Race Theory intensifies the application of power within the criminal justice system. Initially, the aims and objectives of the Critical Race Theory emphasizes on race and power. It fundamentally deconstructs society by categorizing racial hierarchies. However, the recognition of racism reproduces inequality, further minimizing minority rights. The concept deconstructs position of minorities while reconstructing juror bias (Aylward, 1999). In the Canadian context critical race theory is often applied to the races that are more prominent to racial discrimination, Blacks and First Nations. Jury Selection In addition, the jury selection process is most likely to reflect the judiciary representation. National Law Journal conducted a study containing a sample of 800 jurors, 42% were White jurors in contrast to the 25% of Black jurors teaming up with the police officers rather than defendant present in the case (Hamalengwa, 2003). In circumstances of cases wherein race is involved, it is often a minority attempting to indict a representative of the criminal justice system such as the police with an all white jury. The study observed that jurors are more biased by empathizing with victims of their own race and lenient of defendants of the same racial background (Hamalengwa, 2003). Thus, to achieve an equal administration of justice it is essential to select a racially mixed jury. In the case of R. v. Williams jury selection depicted the flaws of the criminal justice system. Victor Daniel Williams, an Aboriginal accused of a robbery charge denied accusations. At the primary trial, the judge permitted questions posed to potential jurors. As a result of this, the Crown had applied for a mistrial on the basis of procedural errors and the unfortunate publicity of the jury selection process (R. v. Williams, 1998). At the second trial the judge had dismissed any motion from the accused. In conclusion of this trial the court had admitted to the widespread of discrimination against First Nations within the community. In cases where the defendant believes the jury might have prejudiced towards the particular race such as Aboriginal, the prosecution and defence have the right to challenge potential jurors for cause on the ground of partiality (R. v. Williams, 1998). Questions the defendant may ask the potential jurors whether they have already possess a prejudice towards the racial group altogether if so, if it is possible for the jurors to make decisions without the bias they posses. The case was a lengthy process of arguing why the jurors were questioned as it is presumed that jurors will function without biasness. Counter arguments have stated it if the prejudice of society is widespread how are the jurors able to remove it for the trial defeating the purpose of section 638(1)(b) (R. v. Williams, 1998). As the case concluded, extensive bias continues to uphold against Aboriginals. In contrast, British Columbia and the attending judge held the evidence was not sufficient to determine potential ju rors prejudiced. The R. v. Williams case has depicted the outcome of jury bias. However, this could be further prevented if the jury selection process was racially mixed with different backgrounds and a variety of perspectives. The outcome of the case would differ greatly. This case could be referred back to the stereotypes instilled in individuals. The general public assumes Aboriginals and prisons are constantly correlated. The implication of this stereotype can be further expanded to the uncivilized and lack social and moral order essential in society (R. v. Williams, 1998). In the case of R. v. Williams jury selection depicted the flaws of the criminal justice system. Victor Daniel Williams, an Aboriginal accused of a robbery charge denied accusations. At the primary trial, the judge permitted questions posed to potential jurors. As a result of this, the Crown had applied for a mistrial on the basis of procedural errors and the unfortunate publicity of the jury selection process (R. v. Williams, 1998). At the second trial the judge had dismissed any motion from the accused. In conclusion of this trial the court had admitted to the widespread of discrimination against First Nations within the community. In cases where the defendant believes the jury might have prejudiced towards the particular race such as Aboriginal, the prosecution and defence have the right to challenge potential jurors for cause on the ground of partiality (R. v. Williams, 1998). Questions the defendant may ask the potential jurors whether they have already possess a prejudice towards the racial group altogether if so, if it is possible for the jurors to make decisions without the bias they posses. The case was a lengthy process of arguing why the jurors were questioned as it is presumed that jurors will function without biasness. Counter arguments have stated it if the prejudice of society is widespread how are the jurors able to remove it for the trial defeating the purpose of section 638(1)(b) (R. v. Williams, 1998). As the case concluded, extensive bias continues to uphold against Aborginals. In contrast, British Columbia and the attending judge held the evidence was not sufficient to determine potential jur ors prejudiced. Though, the case itself was based on the conviction of robbery, it is imperative to note and understand the trials by judge and jury as there is an increased likelihood the outcome of the case is based on systemic discriminatory practices. Systemic Discrimination It is not surprising to see the prominent race in Canadian prisons consists of the minority groups that are often faced with obstacles. Both Blacks and Aboriginals have suffered through a disadvantaged history mirroring the result of how they function in society leading them to prison. However, as these groups are prone to committing more criminal activities in comparison to other races, the partial verdicts of judges and jurors are significantly influenced. Hence, it results in the over representation of Blacks and Aboriginals in Canadian prisons. Canadian Prison System The table below illustrates statistics of the composition of the Canadian prison system. It can be concluded through examination of the charts that Aboriginals and Blacks have the greatest amount of incarceration into prisons. The general population of Blacks and Aboriginals composed in society compared to the ratio that are incarcerated have significant differences and make up majority of incarcerated individuals. The over representations of these particular races in the prison system can cause the general population to question the justice system. Inevitably, factors to consider when analyzing this chart include the consideration of the actual crime committed or the injustice of the courts to properly provide justice to offenders due to racial bias or discrimination. The Representation of Ethno-Racial Groups in Canadas Federal Corrections System (2008) Racial Background National Population1 % of National Population Federal Correctional Population2 % Federal Correctional Population Odds Ratio Rate of Federal Correctional Supervision (per, 100,000) White 25,000,155 80.0 15,157 66.6 0.83 60.62 Aboriginal 1,172,785 3.8 3,894 17.1 4.50 332.03 Black 783,795 2.5 1,684 7.4 2.96 214.85 Asian3 2,090,390 6.7 668 2.9 0.43 31.95 South Asian 1,262,865 4.0 216 1.0 0.25 17.10 Other 931,040 3.0 1,127 5.0 1.67 121.04 TOTAL 31,241,030 100.0 22,746 100.0 1.00 72.80 1 Population estimates for each racial group were derived from the 2006 Census (Chui and Maheux 2008). 2 2008 Federal correctional statistics include those in prison and those under community supervision (Public Safety Canada 2009). 3 The Asian category includes people of Chinese, Japanese, South-East Asian, Korean and Filipino descent. 4 The Other category includes people with multiple racial backgrounds. R. v. Marshall (1971) Donald Marshall was an average seventeen year old. As a youth, it is more likely to get in trouble with the law for petty crimes such as consumption of alcohol or smoking. He was the typical young man who would break the law and